Abstract: The breakthrough of aDNA research during the mid-2010s fundamentally shifted the dominant focus of research on the Corded Ware period in Europe, redirecting attention to questions about migration and the interdisciplinary integration of new and older approaches. Since then, the debate on migration in European prehistory has developed significantly, but previously central questions about aspects of social organization such as social stratification and gender roles during the Corded Ware period have yet to be fully reintegrated with recent aDNA-influenced perspectives. In this article, we combine these two areas of enquiry, migration and social organization. We explore the settling of migrant groups that arrived in a previously abandoned part of the Jutland Peninsula during the decades around 2800 BCE and the cultural system that they established there during the early Corded Ware period (2850–2600 BCE). By combining archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence, we document the establishment of a new socioeconomic system centred mainly on mobile pastoralism. We then turn our focus to expressions of (material) wealth and other aspects of status in burials during this period. We identify major differences in the ability to display material wealth within a corpus of 46 burials with a mortuary palisade from this period and that high levels of wealth display or ‘burial investment’ coincides with certain locations in the study area. We then discuss these patterns while also drawing in the use of red ochre and its potential role in asserting Eastern European ancestry among these newly settled groups – and perhaps towards neighbouring late TRB groups residing in the coastal zone east of the study area. Our article demonstrates the potential of regional, high-resolution case studies for understanding dynamics of migration, settling processes, subsistence strategies and aspects of social organization as well as their causal interplay in prehistoric societies.

Hello everyone,

​I’ve recently become very fascinated by the history of Indo-European-speaking groups or populations present in Africa before the modern colonial era.

​I would love to hear more from those knowledgeable in linguistics, history, or population genetics about this. Specifically, I'm curious about:

​Who these groups or historical peoples were (their origins, migrations, and ethnic/linguistic identities)?

​Where they established themselves and how they interacted with local African populations?

​What kind of linguistic, cultural, or genetic legacy they left behind (if any)?

​Any book recommendations, academic papers, or historical overviews would be hugely appreciated. Looking forward to your insights!

Not like what is written in the book per line by line,like some sort of realistic war omitting all of the magic and God stuff?

Maybe there was a war that happened between two cousins and this info was passed down generation to generation, miracle stuff and the involvement of gods being added alone the way?

What do you all think?

I'm asking this because just like mahabharat there is an epic story named Trojan War which also passed down through generations,and it does have some historical authenticity like the researchers have found some remains of ancient bronze civilizational remains, many speculate this can be the remains of Troy.

Abstract - This paper aims to identify Indo-Iranian substrate words and to discuss their impact on the study of Indo-Iranian prehistory. A methodology for distinguish­ing substrate words from the inherited part of the lexicon is laid out, after which a list of Proto-Indo-Iranian and Common Indo-Iranian substrate words is presented. Here, substrate wordlists proposed by M. Witzel and A. Lubotsky are synthesized and analysed according to uniform methodological principles. The results show that Proto-Indo-Iranian was in contact with one or more now extinct languages, from which it borrowed words pertaining to animals, body parts, food and drink, cloth­ing, construction, plants, and religion, etc. Based on the semantics of certain words, the substrate language(s) can plausibly be connected to Central Asia. The contacts started during Proto-Indo-Iranian unity and persisted until Indo-Iranian had begun to diversify dialectally (which I call Common Indo-Iranian). This language contact episode was preceded by language contact with Uralic languages, which supports an Indo-Iranian migration from north to south across Central Asia in the 2nd mil­lennium BCE.

First of all, this is because the Scythians originated from the Fedorovo culture, and as the chart shows, Fedorovo did not descend from the Proto-Indo-Iranians.( The Abashevo–Srubnaya Origin of the Proto-Indo-Iranians )

The arguments for the Scythians being Iranian are invalid. Iranian loanwords in Slavic languages come from the Sarmatians, who were associated with the Srubnaya culture. Iranian place names and hydronyms also originate from the Sarmatians. The proposed explanations for the words attributed to the Scythians are inadequate and speculative, while the Western Scythians were in close contact with Iranian-speaking Sarmatians, so the transfer of words between them is entirely natural. Furthermore, the Khotanese and Tumshuqese texts do not belong to the Scythians of Fedorovo origin; they belong to Iranian-speaking populations in the region descended from the Srubnaya–Alakul cultural horizon. In other words, there is no evidence that the Scythians were Iranian-speaking.

The language they spoke depends on what language the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture spoke. However, that is a separate topic.

Created by Wissensgau language community.

Voices: Nikita Svetlitsky, Sofia Medvedeva, Daniil Frolov

This animated film is an artistic reconstruction. The words and grammatical forms are based on evidence from historical and comparative linguistics, but it is impossible to reconstruct an entire spoken language. We do not know the exact intonation patterns, precisely how the laryngeals were pronounced, and even the finer details of reconstructed word forms vary between different schools of thought. In some places, we have had to make assumptions.

These scenes, therefore, are not recordings from the past, but an attempt to imagine what this language might have sounded like when spoken by real people.

More info is in the video description on YouTube.

I apologize if I made any mistakes in the video

We know the Yamnaya and Coded Warfare peoples had to have split off from each other and existed simultaneously (The r1a ychrm haplogroup of the Yamnaya and r1b ychrm haplogroup of the Coded Warfare peoples split atleast 1000 before the full emergence of both groups).

We also know which branches of the ie family where propagated by which of the two peoples.

While differences between the anatolian (hittite, luwe) branches and other ie branches is well documented, what do we know about differences in the language/dialect spoken by the Yamnaya and Corded Warfare?

I know that the etymology of stool has been traced as far back as Proto-Germanic as something like stōlaz, probably meaning something like seat. However, has any research been done to determine whether or not stōlaz and Proto-Balto-Slavic stálas (the proposed ancestor of стол, which means table) are related? I mean it seems obvious to me, but I can’t find any information on it.

I find very conflicting informations about the time a few key events regarding the Italo-Celtic branch took place.

What is the consensus on when did...

- Italo-Celtic split from rest of Bell Beaker

- Italic split from Celtic

- Osco Ubrian split from Latino Faliscan

- Umbrians arrive in Italy

- Latins arrive in Italy...

?

Is this even the correct order ? Could Osco Umbrian and Latino Faliscan be no more related to eachother, actually, than they are to Celtic branch ?

I heard Osco Umbrian is rather in the Celtic branch and its speakers separated from the ancestors of specifically insular Celts right before they crossed the sea, and migrated South. I am quite unsure about that but I think the two Italic branches may have been related only insofar they were both Italo-Celtic and have converged over time due to geographical proximity.

It was once believed that Yamnaya was ancestral to Corded Ware, however, did we later discover that Yamnaya and Corded Ware are rather sister groups, and that Yamnaya is only ancestral to Anatolian, Armenian, Balkanian/Illyrian and Hellenic speakers, with Corded Ware being ancestral to Afanasievo/Tocharians, to the common ancestors of Balto-Slavic speakers and the Andronovo horizon that led to Indo Iranian speakers, and also to the common ancestors of Germanic and Italo-Caltic speakers ? Is the genealogy tree like that ?

What was like the religion of the Indoeuropeans who spred into Ceral Asia and formed the Andronovo horizon, and ultimately originated the Indic and the Iranic language groups ?

Vedic religion and Zoroastrianism have a connection, but what do we know of their ancestor, and of the religion of the Andronovo lineages that disappeared without originating any Indo Iranic language group ?

Do we know how the Deva /Daeva and the Asura/Ahura, that at the time were likely the same thing since even in early Vedic religion they were not strictly divided, were called in proto Indo Iranic language ?

And how similiar would have been Andronovo religion to its near cousin the early Corded Ware, the common ancestor of Celto-Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic groups ?

What was the first archeological culture that was ancestral to Indic speakers specifically, and not to also Iranic speakers ?

When and where did it live ?

I would like to suggest something, if the users are in agreement: have a fixed post with a list of linguistic resources and references for the major works on the branches made by renowned scholars.

E.g.

* Bartomeu Obrador-Cursach is one that studies the Phrygian language since forever

* John Koch is a Celticist and studies Celto-Germanic connections

* Alwin Kloekhorst has the Hittite inherited vocabulary from 2008 and studies the variations in Hittite language.

* Ignacio Javier-Adiego studies the Carian language.

etc.

Dr. Stifter has published a first draft of this lecture at https://www.academia.edu/178731896/Linguistic_Contributions_to_a_Model_for_the_Celticisation_of_the_Western_Archipelago The slides are available at https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/19925/